Shashank Vedpathak¹, S S Dhapate^2*, Vivek Nirmale³

^1,3Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, MIMER Medical College, Talegaon Dabhade,

²Professor and HOD, Department of Anatomy, S.R.T.R. Medical College, Ambajogai. Maharashtra, INDIA.

Email: anatsrtr@rediffmail.com, sbvedpathak@gmail.com

1. Freel C. D., al-Ghoul K. J., Kuszak J. R., Costello M. J. Analysis of nuclear fiber cell compaction in transparent and cataractous diabetic human lenses by scanning electron microscopy, BMC Ophthalmol., 2003, Jan 6;3:1.
2. Yadav savita, Mistry K. P. Role of proteins and cholesterol in human senile cataractogenesis Indian J Ophthalmol 1991; 39: 17-19
3. Antoinette Pirie Colour and solubility of proteins of human cataracts. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 1968 Dec; 634-650

4. Tabandeh H., Thompson G. M., Heyworth P. Lens hardness in mature cataract Eye 1994;8(4):453-5
5. Dorairaj, S. J., Vatsala V, Vijaya Kumar J, Kesavai R, Sucheethra D.S., Vidyasree, S. Morphometric and Histological Study of Human Cataract Lens, Journal of Anatomical Society of India Vol. 51 (1) 14-17 (2002).
6. West S. K., Valmadrid C. T. Epidemiology of risk factors for Age related cataract Sur Ophthalmol. 1995 Jan-Feb;39(4):323-34
7. W. L. Jongebloed, L. M. J. Figueras, F. Dijk and J. F. G. Worst A morphological description of human cataractous lenses by SEM, Documental Ophthalmologica, 1987; 67: 197-207
8. Carleton’s histological techniques, IVth Ed. Chapter VII, Oxford University Press, 129-130.
9. Bhat K. S., Nayak Sujata Flavin nucleotides in human lens Indian J Ophthalmol 1995; 43:181-184
10. Lowry, O. H., N. J. Resenbrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951,193, 265–275.
11. Xingchao Shentu, Ke Yao, Wen Xu, Shu Zheng, Songnian Hu, Xiaohua Gong Special fasciculiform cataract caused by a mutation in the γD-crystallin gene, Molecular Vision 2004; 10:233-239
12. George B. Benedek Cataract as a protein condensation disease, the Proctor Lecture Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol 38, no. 10, Sept. 1997: 1911-2
13. Gullapalli Vamsi Krishna, Murthy Praveen R, Murthy K. R. Colour of the nucleus as a marker of nuclear hardness, diameter and central thickness Indian J Ophthalmol 1995;43:181-184
14. Abraham Spector, Suzzane Li, Jesse Sigelman Age dependant changes in the molecular size of human lens    proteins and their relationship to light scatter. Investigative Ophthalmology (13); 10 Oct 1974:795-798, Julie Sanderson, Julia M. Marcantonio and George Duncan
15. A human lens model of cortical cataract Ca²⁺ induced protein loss, vimentin cleavage and opacification Investigative Ophthalmology and visual science. 2000:41:2255-2261

16. Willis Truscot, Karl Robert Heys, Sandra Leigh Massive increase in stiffness of human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia Molecular Vision 2004; 10:956-963
17. Lawrenson John, Age - related cataract; epidemiology, pathogenesis and management, continuing professional development; module 5 part I of the aging eye series.
18. Edward W. Trudo, Walter J. Stark Cataract’s history, lifting clouds on an age old problem Postgrtaduate Medicine, vol 103(5);may 1998.
19. Kahn H. A., Leibowitz H. M., Colton T.,Nickerson R.J. Ganley J. Dawber T.R., Kini M.M. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in Framingham Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106:33-41,1977.

20.  Vincente Victor D Ocampo, C Stephan Foster Cataracts; eMedicines Eye and Vision Centre.
21.  Jagat Ram, S. S. pandav, Beli Ram, and F. C. Arora Systemic diseases in age related cataract patients International Ophthalmology, Vol 18, (3), May 1994.

22.  Lee S. M., Lin S. Y., Li M. J., Liang R. C. Possible Mechanism of exacerbating cataract formation in cataractous human lens capsules induced by systemic hypertension or glaucoma Ophthalmic Res. 997;29(2):83-90
23. Frank B. Hu, Susan E. Hankinson, et al Prospective Study of Cataract Extraction and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 153, No. 9: 875-881, 2001.
24. Al-Ghoul K. J., Costello M. J. Fibre cell morphology and cytoplasmic texture in cataractous and normal human lens nuclei ; Curr Eye Res. 1996 May; 15(5):533-42
25. Costello M. J., Oliver T. N., Cobo LM. Cellular architecture in age-related human nuclear cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Oct; 33(11):3209-27.
26. Hu C, Zhang X, Hui Y The nuclear hardness and associated factors of age-related cataract Jpn J ophthalmol. 1997; 37(4):467-77

27. Hey worth P, Thompson G. M., Tabandeh H, McGuigan S. The relationship between clinical classification of cataract and lens hardness. Eye 7:726-730, 1993. 
28. Pau H. Significance of brown coloration with regard to lens nuclear hardness       in case of extracapsular lens extraction. Ger J Ophthalmol 1:139-141, 1992.
29. Adrian Glasser, Melanie C. W. Campbell Biometric, Optical and physical changes in isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia Vision Research 39 (1999) 1991-2015.