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Psychosocial effect of wine shop situated in residential area

A. K. Khatri¹, Suraj Sirohi², Sanjay Dixit³, Shailesh Rai⁴, Dhruvendra Pandey⁵

¹Associate Professor, ²Assistant Professor, ³Professor and HOD, ^4,5Resident, Department of Community Medicine, MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.

Email: pandit.dhruv06@gmail.com

Research Article

Abstract Background: In India, Alcohol abuse is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The mean age of initiation of alcohol consumption has decreased with passing of decade. Due to its large population, India has become the third largest market for alcoholic beverages in the world. Objectives: To know the psychosocial impact of wine shop on residents residing within 100 meter vicinity of wine shop. Methodology: A cross sectional observation study was conducted in four residential colony situated within 100 meter range of wine shop. 150 participants were included in study who gave informed consent to participate in study. Household were selected using sequential sampling method, all adult member of family were included. Pretested semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical software. Results: 92 (61.33%) respondents were feel that their stress level would increase, 21 (14%) participants were restless, 21 (14%) had irritation behaviour, 96 (64%) felt fearfulness. 46 (20.67%) respondent felt that wine shops in their vicinity was associated with increased tendency of drinking habit and also increases tendency of drinking in their male domestic help (19.33%). 76 (50.67%) respondents felt that female members of their family cannot go outside alone in evening/night and feel unsafe at home alone. 46 (30.66%) thought that elder members of their family had disturbance in routine activity, 48 (32%) feel unsafe at home alone. 34 (22.67%) respondent thought that their child can’t play outside, 73 (48.67%) compelled their child to return home before sunset. Conclusion: Wine shop in vicinity of residential colony affects each and every member of family. Environment surrounding these wine shops were stressful, fearful, unsafe, restrictive especially for females and elderly. Presence of wine shop in a locality increases antisocial activity and chance to become victim of these antisocial activities.

Keywords: Alcohol, Alcohol abuse, Anti-social activity, Adolescent.

INTRODUCTION

Alcohol-abuse and alcoholism are one of the major public-health problems in both developed and developing countries. ¹It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Consumption of alcohol has increased in India in the recent decades. Two effects of alcohol use are of particular concern. First, the possible effect of alcohol use on individual health and second is the likely social and economic impact of alcohol use and abuse. There are 31 states in the Indian union and alcohol use prevalence estimates vary from state to state, ranging from 6% (in a state under prohibition) to 75%. Studies investigating dependence consistently report that approximately half of those who drink alcohol show signs of dependence.²The mean age of initiation of alcohol consumption has decreased from 23.36 years in 1950-1960 to 19.45 years in 1980-1990². Due to its large population, India has become the third largest market for alcoholic beverages in the world. Despite having a large proportion of lifetime abstainers (89.6%), per-capita consumption of alcohol in India has increased by 106.7% over 1970-1996². Changing social norms, urbanization, increased availability, high-intensity mass marketing, and relaxation of overseas trade rules, along with the poor level of awareness, have contributed to increased alcohol-use^2,3. Residents in Chennai drank for various reasons: to be social and stress-free, to feel uninhibited, and to give confidence to have sex. Other factors such as lack of a steady sexual partner, frustration with life, expectations from family, and poverty were also reported as motivators for alcohol consumption. It was found that 35% of alcohol users in this study reported spending half or more of their income on alcohol.⁴It was evident that alcohol abuse and unsafe sex behaviour had intimate relationship (brokers for sexual services and sex workers are present in the vicinity of wine shops).^5,6,7,8Alcohol consumption accounts for nearly 3.2% of all days and 4% of all disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost ⁹. In addition to chronic diseases, such as cancer of the mouth, esophagus and larynx, liver cirrhosis, and pancreatitis, social consequences, such as road-traffic accidents, workplace-related problems, family and domestic problems, and interpersonal violence, have been receiving more public or research attention in recent years⁹. This study aims to know the psychosocial impact of wine shop on residents residing within 100 meter vicinity of wine shop. This study also aims to know the health effects, psychological effects and social impacts on the families.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A Cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slum of Indore. By using simple random sampling method, four areas (Kalani nagar, Collectorate, Vijay Nagar and South Tukoganj) were selected from all enlisted residential colonies near wine shop. Households were selected by systematic random sampling as every fifth house was selected and all the adult members were selected. If fifth household was closed or not responded in three consecutive visits then next house was selected without disturbing allocation of next household. Total 150 members residing in four selected colonies were considered as sample size for study. Study population included all members of households. Written informed consent was obtained prior to interview. Study Duration was 4 months duration (Oct.2013 to Jan 2014). Inclusion Criteria included all the adult members of household aged more than 18 years and gave informed consent to participate in study. A semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool for interview. The questionnaire was designed to know effects of wine shops on their health, social problems, effect on their adolescents and problems to female members of households. Pretesting of questionnaire was done and appropriate changes were done on the basis of their results. Ethical permission was obtained both from departmental and institutional review committee. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical software (MS excel and SPSS version 20).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Although there has been a spurt in the number of wine shops opening in residential areas these days and this has led to distress and protests by residents in various areas, there was a great shortage in studying psycho-social effect on residents due to wine shops in residential areas. Therefore, this population-based study was conducted to investigate the problems faced by the residents due to wine shops in their areas. In this Study out of 150 residents, 112 (74.67%) males and 38 (25.33%) females were participated. 38 (25.33%) participants were postgraduate, 54 (36%) participants were educated up to graduation. According to modified kuppuswamy scale respondents were belong to upper middle, middle and lower middle socioeconomic status. In this study 92 (61.33%) respondents felt that their stress level would increase after opening wine shop in their vicinity while 21 (14%) participants were restless, 21 (14%) had irritating behaviour, 96 (64%) felt fearfulness. 46 (20.67%) respondent felt that wine shops in their vicinity was associated with increase tendency of drinking habit and also increases tendency of drinking in their worker/domestic help (19.33%). (Table 1)

Table 1:

Health Domain		No. of responders	Percentage
Effect on psychological health of Residents	Stress increases	92	61.33
	Aggression increases	25	16.66
	No effect	33	22
	Restlessness	21	14
	Fearfulness	96	64
	Irritation	21	14
	Others	12	8
Increase/Development of drinking habit	Yes	46	20.67
Increase/Development of drinking habit	No	104	69.33
Tendency of drinking increases in domestic help/ worker	Yes	29	19.33
Tendency of drinking increases in domestic help/ worker	No	121	80.67

Due to wandering of drunken people in residential colony, 76 (50.67%) respondents felt that female members of their family can’t go outside alone in evening/night and feel unsafe at home alone. 46 (30.66%) thought that elder members of their family had disturbance in routine activity, 48 (32%) feel unsafe at home alone. 34 (22.67%) respondent thought that their child can’t play outside, 73 (48.67%) compelled their child to return home before sunset. Alcohol use has long been associated with intimate partner violence, sexual coercion and other violent acts towards family members¹⁰. Alcohol users in a household, particularly poor households, spend a large proportion of their disposable income on alcohol.¹¹. While persons with dependence on alcohol are most likely to incur high levels of harm, the bulk of harms associated with consumption of alcohol occurs among non-dependent drinkers because they are more in number than dependents¹². As alcohol consumption increases chances of anti social activities also increases. In this study 131 (87.33%) respondents felt increased antisocial activities in their residential colony, in which child delinquency contribute 11.33%, female harassment 35.33%, fight and theft 44.66%. 63 (42%) participants became victim of some or other antisocial activity. (Table 2)

Table 2:

Social Domain		No. of responders	Percentage
Effect on Children	Can’t play out side	34	22.67
	Compelled to return home before sunset	73	48.67
	Decreased in academic performance	25	16.66
	No effect	18	12
Effect on elderly	Disturbance in routine activity	46	30.66
	Feel unsafe alone at home	48	32
	Feel unsafe in going out	47	31.33
	No effect	09	6
Effect on females	Can’t go outside alone in evening	40	26.67
	Feel unsafe at home alone	25	16.67
	Can’t go outside alone in evening and Feel unsafe at home alone	76	50.66
	No effect	9	6
Effect on locality	Bottle on road	76	50.66
	Alcoholics on road	36	24
	Unhygienic Practice	35	23.33
	No effect	3	2
Increase in Antisocial Activity	Yes	131	87.33
Increase in Antisocial Activity	No	19	12.67
Increase in crime	Child delinquency	17	11.33
	Female harassment	33	35.33
	Fights and thefts	67	44.66
	Does not know	13	8.66
Have ever been victim of antisocial Activity	Yes	63	42
Have ever been victim of antisocial Activity	No	87	58

Abuse of alcohol is one of the main killers of young men in India today. The mean age of alcohol consumption has decreased from early decade to now². So adolescents, most productive population of country, were at risk of alcohol dependence. In the study 84 (56%) respondents observed adolescent purchasing wine regularly. According to respondents maximum hindrance would occur at evening and night time, and activities would increase at weekend and festivals. Nearly all respondents (93.33%) want to shift wine shop far from residential area. (Table 3)

Table 3:

Response		No. of responders	Percentage
Increase risk of alcoholism in Vulnerable population	Yes	111	74
Increase risk of alcoholism in Vulnerable population	No	39	26
Have you seen adolescent purchase a wine	Yes, regularly	84	56
	Yes, occasionally	55	36.67
	No	11	7.33
Time where maximum hindrance occur	Morning time	5	3.33
	Evening time	39	26
	Night time	92	61.33
	No fixed time	14	9.33
Increase activities at weekend and festivals	Yes	138	92
Increase activities at weekend and festivals	No	12	8
Should shop placed far from residential area	Yes	140	93.33
Should shop placed far from residential area	No	10	6.34

This study was carried out with 150 adult members who were not representative of all the adults of Indore District, needs more sample size to be incorporated which unfortunately was not done due to time constraint. Also due to time constraint children, adolescents, adults and females of different socio economic strata were not incorporated. The findings in the present study reiterate the need for re-enforcing health education in urban. While the health worker (ANM and USHA) and AWW can plays a pivotal role in imparting health education, the use of multi-pronged methods such as films, group discussions, dramas, puppet shows and role-plays must be incorporated. There is a strong need that school education especially for adolescent must directly address adverse effects of Alcohol abuse. The presence of a considerable proportion of alcohol-dependents, the low mean age at initiation of drinking, and the habit of drinking in the public places and workplaces remained the main areas to be emphasized for the successful implementation of intervention programmes. The intervention programmes should include preventive strategies and screening programmes to identify different patterns of drinkers and treatment intervention for alcohol-dependents. The preventive strategies should include reduction of access to alcohol by formulating and enforcing laws regarding alcohol consumption. The legal age of drinking must be clearly delineated, and prohibitive measures must be properly implemented. Again, legal prohibition on drinking in the public places and workplaces must be strictly enforced. A number of factors play a role in the physical availability of alcoholic beverages, including the times of sales permitted, types, characteristics, and location of outlets, and the distribution system of alcoholic beverages. Specific licensing of alcohol outlets, limits on the number of outlets, and on times and conditions of alcoholic beverage sales or service are to be implemented. Training programmes of local health workers (ASHA) regarding the abuse of alcohol and other substances and their health and social consequences must be conducted at regular intervals. The study concludes wine shop in vicinity of residential colony affects each and every member of family. Environment surrounding to these wine shops remains stressful, fearful, unsafe, and restrictive especially for females and elderly. Children are not able to play freely and also there is increased vulnerability of their alcohol abuse. Presence of wine shop has increased antisocial activity and chance to become victim of these antisocial activities.

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